The new
viewpoints in policy
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coincide with a turn in interest with respect to the most relevant economic
sectors. From a firm relocation point of view one could say that the sectors of
manufacturing industry wholesale and business services offices have left the
city in a soft of outward procession of which the order has been dictated by
the intensity of their land use. In the first post- war decades the interest in
industrial movement was of course partly due to the then more dominance
position of manufacturing industry in the employment structure.
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But manufacturing also was the most mobile sector of that period. For its growth
it needed space which was made available at specially developed industrial
sites in fact in most countries a new post- war phenomenon at the city fringes
in suburban locations or in more distant development nodes at prices which were
affordable for this sector of which the more traditional branches need a large
acreage per worker.
Before long the wholesale sector followed the
industrial exodus and soon even outsizes it. In the second half of the 1960s
the Amsterdam Bureau of Statistics already counted a number of emigrant
wholesale firms which was twice the number of emigrant industrial firms Repellent 1976. At that time change in the number of business services leaving
Amsterdam was still very modest but this was to change in the next decades.
The mufti- story offices of the business services sector using their square miles
much more efficiently than ground floor facilities for production storage or
distribution kept their positions in the central parts of urban areas longer.
But in the course of the 1980s and 1990s they inserted in the urban over spill process too and soon dominated it. Especially packers and movers in the second
part of the 1980s when the economic recession was over a huge demand for new office
space arose catc``hing `up `the``` investment arrears of the past period. This
lead to a massive relocation of business services to business parks at city
fringes and in suburbs lining the urban beltways and growing in to the office
corridors which we now face along most city entrances.
For
the Netherlands this process is documented rather well in the so- called
Mutation balance system which has been set up by the `Union of Dutch Chambers
of Commerce VVK and described in a series of articles by Kemper and Pelle`nbarg
for a synopsis see Wallenberg and Kemper 1999. Table 1 presents the latest
available and published figures.
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