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 The nineteen eighties: from the regional to the urban level

In the nineteen eighties the number of international firm migration studies becomes much small compared to the number of studies in the seventies. Mole 1981 and Klaussner and Mole 1983 present their European survey studies and net to this there are journal articles by Bade 1983 and 1981. The latter authors describe relocation considerations of central city firms. Also Orion and Santayana 1981, 1983 choose the scale of the urban region for their investigations.

They describe the influence of local land use policy of industrial mobility in the Turin region. As pen 1999 argues their publication stands out because they pay not only attention to government influence on firm migration in the context of regional development policy but also refers to other policy types such as environmental policy urban renewal policy, local development policy, cafeterias.

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 Just like regional policy these other policy fields may be expected to result in firm relocation's.

For most of these new policies the urban agglomeration is the most relevant playing field and local and regional governments are much more involved in policy formulation and its policy consequences than national governments. At the same time we witness a strong increase of short distance migration while long distance migration decreased for a number of reasons indicated above the reveres was true short distance migration.

 The underlying causes can be related to the process of sub- urbanization of firms propelled by space shortage and increasing land prices in the large cities parking problems and growing congestion on city roads and beltways. No wonder that the urban firm exodus swelled and that city governments worried about the ensuing erosion of urban employment. The politicians problems were even more complex because some of the government’s own policies especially environmental policy and urban renewal policy in fact reinforce the pressure on firms to leave urban locations.

 In this context it is easily understood that firm relocation studies from the 1980s onwards concentrate more heavily on urban agglomerations and less on the balance between central and peripheral regions in a national context. Furthermore one should expect an increasing attention for the studies taking in to account government policy, but the number of scientific publications in this field is relatively scarce in eighties.

But maybe this observation is obscured by the fact that in practice nowadays many urban- oriented firm relocation studies are unpublished contract- research based reports written by consultancy firms.